📍 Ahmedabad, Gujarat
🏭 30+ Years Experience
🌍 Exports to 25+ Countries
✅ GMP / cGMP / USFDA / EU-GMP
🏆 350+ Installations

Premium Automatic Vial Filling and Rubber Stoppering Machine in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Trusted supplier and exporter of rotary piston, peristaltic, and time-pressure liquid fillers with integrated rubber stoppering for sterile injectables, vaccine, biologics, lyophilized, and CDMO manufacturers. SS 316L construction with Ra ≤ 0.4 µm contact surfaces, designed for direct integration with hot-air depyrogenation tunnels and aseptic filling lines.

30+

Years in Business

350+

Pharma Installations

25+

Export Countries

4.8★

Customer Rating (144 reviews)

5000+

Sq. Ft. Mfg. Facility

ISO

9001:2015 Certified

Automatic Vial Filling and Rubber Stoppering Machine Supplier & Exporter in India

Pharma Machinery India is a leading automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, with a state-of-the-art SS fabrication facility, in-house design team, and 30+ years of experience building aseptic filling equipment for sterile pharmaceutical manufacturing. We are also a trusted automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine supplier in Gujarat and a long-standing automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine exporter in India — our machines run in 25+ countries including the USA, UK, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, the Middle East, Africa, and South-East Asia.

Our automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine range covers rotary piston fillers (for high-viscosity liquids, suspensions, oils, and large-volume fills with ± 0.5% accuracy), peristaltic fillers (for sterile biologics and vaccines with single-use tubing path), and time-pressure fillers (for small-volume biologics and vaccines with the highest ± 0.25% accuracy). Every machine is fabricated from SS 316L stainless steel with Ra ≤ 0.4 µm contact surface finish, engineered to meet cGMP, WHO-GMP, USFDA, and EU GMP Annex 1 (2022) design standards.

Our fillers are designed for direct integration with a hot-air depyrogenation tunnel upstream and downstream aseptic filling under ISO 5 / Grade A unidirectional airflow. Whether you run a vaccine plant in Hyderabad, a biologics CDMO in Bangalore, a sterile injectables facility in Ahmedabad, or a generic manufacturer in Cairo, we engineer an automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine that meets your output, your product, and your regulatory environment.

📍 Manufacturing Location: GIDC Industrial Estate, Ahmedabad, Gujarat — India. We supply and export automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machines pan-India and to 25+ countries with on-site installation, commissioning, IQ/OQ/PQ validation, and operator training.

What is an Automatic Vial Filling and Rubber Stoppering Machine?

An automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine is the heart of any aseptic injectable line. It doses a precise volume of liquid (or suspension, oil, or biologic) into a sterile glass vial, then seats a sterile rubber stopper on top — all under ISO 5 / Grade A unidirectional airflow. Three dosing principles dominate pharmaceutical production:

  • Rotary Piston Type — metering piston and cylinder, best for high-viscosity liquids, suspensions, oils, and large-volume fills (5–100 ml) with ± 0.5% accuracy. Throughput 60–300 VPM.
  • Peristaltic Type — single-use sterile tubing path, best for low-viscosity liquids and biologics where the product never contacts machine internals. Throughput 40–200 VPM.
  • Time-Pressure Type — precision valve under regulated pressure, best for highly accurate small-volume fills (0.05–20 ml), vaccines, and biologics with ± 0.25% accuracy. Throughput 100–400 VPM.

All three configurations include integrated rubber stoppering in the same aseptic zone as filling. The machine is enclosed in an oRABS or cRABS with HEPA-filtered ISO 5 / Grade A laminar flow and is built from SS 316L stainless steel with Ra ≤ 0.4 µm contact surfaces, full CIP / SIP capability, and 21 CFR Part 11-ready control.

Key performance highlights:

  • 400 vials/min (time-pressure configuration)
  • ± 0.25% highest dosing accuracy
  • ISO 5 / Grade A aseptic zone
  • 21 CFR Part 11 audit trail ready

Types of Vial Filling Machines We Supply

As a full-line automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine supplier in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, we engineer three primary machine types to cover every product type, throughput, and regulatory environment. Click any card below to view detailed specifications, photos, and validation support for that model.

Rotary Piston Type Vial Filling Machine

For High-Viscosity Products. Servo-driven piston metering with 4–16 dosing heads. Best for high-viscosity liquids, suspensions, oils, and large-volume parenterals (5–100 ml) with ± 0.5% accuracy. Throughput 60–300 VPM. CIP/SIP validated. Integrated rubber stoppering in the same aseptic zone.

Peristaltic Type Vial Filling Machine

For Sterile Biologics & Vaccines. Single-use gamma-irradiated tubing path — product never touches machine internals. Best for sterile biologics, vaccines, and low-viscosity liquids with ± 1% accuracy. Throughput 40–200 VPM. Tubing changeover in under 5 minutes.

Time-Pressure Type Vial Filling Machine

For Small-Volume Vaccines. Precision pneumatic valve under regulated pressure with closed-loop control. Best for small-volume fills (0.05–20 ml) at the highest ± 0.25% accuracy. Throughput 100–400 VPM. CIP/SIP ready with no moving seals in the product path.

Rotary Piston vs Peristaltic vs Time-Pressure: Which Filler Do You Need?

The pharmaceutical industry uses three principal aseptic vial-filling methods. The right choice depends on product viscosity, fill volume, dosing accuracy, and the validation burden your quality assurance team can support. The table below is an honest, side-by-side comparison.

Parameter Rotary Piston Peristaltic Time-Pressure
Best For High-viscosity liquids, suspensions, oils and larger fill volumes Sterile biologics, vaccines and products requiring a single-use fluid path Small-volume vaccines, biologics and applications requiring the highest dosing accuracy
Fill Volume Range 0.5–100 ml 0.1–50 ml 0.05–20 ml
Throughput 60–300 vials per minute 40–200 vials per minute 100–400 vials per minute
Dosing Accuracy ±0.5% ±1% ±0.25%
Product Viscosity Up to 50,000 cP Up to 5,000 cP Up to 10,000 cP
Shear Sensitivity Moderate due to piston movement and possible flow pulsation Low, with gentle and controlled fluid movement Low, with controlled laminar product flow
Product Path SS316L piston-cylinder system suitable for CIP / SIP Single-use tubing system requiring no CIP / SIP SS316L piping and valves suitable for CIP / SIP
Cross-Contamination Risk Low when validated CIP / SIP procedures are followed Very low because the complete product path is single-use Low when validated CIP / SIP procedures are followed
Capital Cost (USD) $80K–$200K $60K–$160K $100K–$250K
Validation Burden High: CIP / SIP validation, media-fill studies and extractables assessment Moderate: tubing extractables, leachables and single-use system validation High: CIP / SIP validation, media-fill studies and dosing-valve qualification
Common Downstream Vial capping, inspection and labelling Vial capping, inspection and labelling Vial capping, inspection and labelling
Particle Performance Excellent with validated closed-path dosing Excellent with a sterile, closed single-use product path Excellent with validated closed-path dosing

Rule of Thumb: For high-viscosity products and larger fill volumes, choose a rotary piston filling system. For sterile biologics and vaccines where the product should not contact permanent machine components, choose a peristaltic filling system. For small-volume vaccines and biologics requiring the highest dosing accuracy, choose a time-pressure filling system.

Inside the Machine: 8-Stage Filling Process

Each vial spends 1.5–6 seconds in the filler depending on format and number of stations. A typical 8-station process in our automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine supplied from Ahmedabad:

1

Infeed Indexing

Sterile, depyrogenated vials from the cooling conveyor enter a star-wheel infeed and are indexed one-by-one into the dosing positions.

2

No-Vial Detection

A photoelectric sensor confirms the vial is in position; if absent, the dosing cycle is skipped.

3

Vial Centering

Centering fingers grip the vial body and align it precisely under the dosing needle.

4

Dosing

The dosing head (piston, peristaltic, or time-pressure) delivers a precise volume through a fill needle that descends to within 2–5 mm of the vial bottom (bottom-up filling to prevent foaming and splashing).

5

Needle Withdrawal

The fill needle withdraws above the vial mouth as the star-wheel indexes to the next station.

6

Stopper Placement

A vibratory bowl feeder orients a sterile rubber stopper; a gripper picks one stopper and places it on top of the vial mouth.

7

Stopper Pre-Pressing

A servo-driven pre-press head seats the stopper to a recipe-defined depth — fully seated for terminal sterilization, partially seated (pre-stop) for lyophilization.

8

Discharge

The filled, stoppered vial exits the aseptic zone to the capping machine conveyor. Out-of-spec vials (missing stopper, wrong depth) are automatically rejected at this station.

Throughout the cycle, the controller logs fill weight (via in-process check scale), dosing head pressure, stopper depth, HEPA airflow, and air pressure to a 21 CFR Part 11 audit trail. The data is exported via Ethernet for batch records.

Technical Specifications

The tables below summarize the standard specifications across our automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine range. As a leading supplier and exporter in Ahmedabad, we customize output speed, vial format, dosing principle, and integration scope to meet your exact requirements.

Specifications — Rotary Piston

Parameter Specification
Throughput 60–300 vials/minute, depending on vial format and fill volume
Vial Size Range 2 ml–100 ml tubular glass vials conforming to ISO 8362-1
Vial Diameter 14 mm–52 mm
Vial Height 30 mm–115 mm
Fill Volume 0.5 ml–100 ml per dosing head
Dosing Heads 4–16 heads, depending on the model
Dosing Accuracy ±0.5% of the set fill volume
Product Path SS316L piston-cylinder system, finished to Ra ≤ 0.4 µm and suitable for CIP / SIP
Seals Viton / EPDM seals, with PTFE available as an option
Stoppering Vibratory bowl feeding with servo pre-press and adjustable stopper insertion depth
Stopper Sterilization Autoclave-ready stopper loading or in-line SIP configuration
Aseptic Zone ISO 5 / Grade A environment with H14 HEPA filtration and airflow velocity of 0.36–0.54 m/s
Barrier System Open RABS or closed RABS with VHP decontamination port
Power Supply 415 V AC, 3-phase, 50–60 Hz
Power Consumption 8–15 kW
Compressed Air 5–7 bar oil-free compressed air, 200–400 litres/minute
Clean Steam for SIP 2–3 bar saturated clean steam, 30–60 kg/hour
WFI for CIP 2–3 bar, 200–500 litres/hour
Vacuum Up to −0.8 bar, 30–50 m³/hour for stopper placement
Noise Level ≤ 76 dB(A)
Machine Footprint 3,200–4,500 mm L × 1,800–2,400 mm W × 2,200–2,600 mm H
Machine Weight 2,800–5,000 kg
Warranty 12 months comprehensive warranty with lifetime technical support

Specifications — Peristaltic

Parameter Specification
Throughput 40–200 vials/minute, depending on fill volume and tubing configuration
Vial Size Range 2 ml–100 ml tubular glass vials conforming to ISO 8362-1
Fill Volume 0.1 ml–50 ml per dosing channel
Number of Channels 2–8 parallel dosing heads
Dosing Accuracy ±1% of the set fill volume
Tubing Material Gamma-stable silicone / TPE tubing conforming to USP <88> Class VI
Tubing Sterilization Gamma irradiation at 25–40 kGy with pre-validated SAL 10⁻⁶
Tubing Changeover Approximately 5 minutes per channel with tool-free changeover
Product Path Single-use tubing system with no product contact with internal machine components
Non-Product Contact Parts SS316L stainless steel, finished to Ra ≤ 0.4 µm and suitable for wipe-down sanitization
Stoppering Vibratory bowl feeding with servo pre-press and adjustable stopper insertion depth
Aseptic Zone ISO 5 / Grade A environment with H14 HEPA filtration and airflow velocity of 0.36–0.54 m/s
Barrier System Open RABS or closed RABS with VHP decontamination port
Power Supply 415 V AC, 3-phase, 50–60 Hz
Power Consumption 6–12 kW
Compressed Air 5–7 bar oil-free compressed air, 150–300 litres/minute
Noise Level ≤ 74 dB(A)
Machine Footprint 3,000–4,200 mm L × 1,800–2,200 mm W × 2,200–2,500 mm H
Machine Weight 2,400–4,200 kg
Warranty 12 months comprehensive warranty with lifetime technical support

Specifications — Time-Pressure

Parameter Specification
Throughput 100–400 vials/minute, depending on vial format and fill volume
Vial Size Range 2 ml–50 ml tubular glass vials conforming to ISO 8362-1
Fill Volume 0.05 ml–20 ml per dosing head
Dosing Heads 4–12 dosing heads, depending on the model
Dosing Accuracy ±0.25% of the set fill volume
Feed Pressure 0.2–2.0 bar with closed-loop pressure control
Valve Stroke Time 10–500 ms using servo-controlled or high-resolution solenoid valves
Product Path SS316L stainless steel product path with no moving seals, suitable for CIP / SIP
Stoppering Vibratory bowl feeding with servo pre-press and adjustable stopper insertion depth
Aseptic Zone ISO 5 / Grade A environment with H14 HEPA filtration and airflow velocity of 0.36–0.54 m/s
Barrier System Open RABS or closed RABS with VHP decontamination port
Power Supply 415 V AC, 3-phase, 50–60 Hz
Power Consumption 8–14 kW
Compressed Air 5–7 bar oil-free compressed air, 250–450 litres/minute
Clean Steam for SIP 2–3 bar saturated clean steam, 25–50 kg/hour
WFI for CIP 2–3 bar, 200–400 litres/hour
Noise Level ≤ 75 dB(A)
Machine Footprint 3,200–4,500 mm L × 1,800–2,400 mm W × 2,200–2,500 mm H
Machine Weight 2,600–4,800 kg
Warranty 12 months comprehensive warranty with lifetime technical support

Aseptic Process Validation: A 5-Step How-To

Validation is the foundation of aseptic manufacturing. The following sequence is a practical, audit-tested approach used by our customers’ QA teams. It aligns with WHO TRS 986 Annex 2, EU GMP Annex 1 (2022), 21 CFR 211.94, FDA Process Validation Guidance (2011), and the relevant USP chapters.

1

Define URS & Worst-Case Format

Document the smallest and largest vial formats, the lowest and highest fill volumes, the most viscous product, the target dosing accuracy, the air cleanliness (ISO 5 / Grade A), and the line speed. Lock these in a User Requirements Specification (URS) before ordering.

2

Execute IQ & OQ

Run the IQ checklist (utilities, instrumentation, materials of construction, HEPA integrity, calibration) followed by OQ tests (no-vial dry cycle, alarm verification, sensor calibration, interlock function, gravimetric fill-weight verification at start / middle / end of cycle). Document deviations and resolutions.

3

Conduct Media Fill (Process Simulation)

Run 2 consecutive shifts at production scale using soybean-casein digest broth (or equivalent growth medium) in place of product. Incubate filled vials at 20–25 °C for 7 days then 30–35 °C for 7 days. Confirm contaminated vials < 0.1% per EU GMP Annex 1. Repeat for 3 successful runs.

4

Environmental & Personnel Qualification

Conduct viable and non-viable air monitoring, settle plates, contact plates, and active air sampling at the filling point during three media fills. Confirm Grade A (viable < 1 CFU/m³) and Grade B (viable < 10 CFU/m³) for the background. Qualify personnel through gowning and aseptic-technique requalification per Annex 1.

5

Performance Qualification (PQ)

Execute three consecutive production-scale batches of the actual product. Verify fill-weight accuracy per batch, stopper placement depth, environmental monitoring results, and 21 CFR Part 11 audit trail completeness. Issue the final validation report signed by QA, engineering, and production. Estimated timeline: 6–8 weeks from IQ start to final report. Estimated cost: $20,000 – $40,000 in QA, microbiology, and lab fees for a single product.

USP, EP, and Annex 1 Compliance

Every machine is engineered and documented against the following standards:

  • USP <85> — Bacterial Endotoxin Test (LAL)
  • USP <788> — Particulate Matter in Injections
  • USP <789> — Particulate Matter in Ophthalmic Solutions
  • USP <905> — Uniformity of Dosage Units
  • USP <1207> — Container Integrity
  • USP <88> — Biological Reactivity (for single-use tubing)
  • EP 2.9.19 — Particulate Contamination
  • EP 2.6.14 — Bacterial Endotoxins
  • EU GMP Annex 1 (2022) — Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products
  • 21 CFR 211.94 — Drug Product Containers and Closures
  • 21 CFR Part 11 — Electronic Records and Signatures
  • FDA Process Validation Guidance (2011)
  • WHO TRS 986 Annex 2 — WHO GMP for Pharmaceutical Products
  • ISO 9001:2015 — Quality Management
  • CE Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC
  • ISPE Baseline® Guide — Sterile Product Manufacturing Facilities

Inline Integration with Tunnel and Capping

A vial filling and stoppering machine is rarely a standalone. It is the middle of a tightly synchronized aseptic line:

  • Upstream: Vial unscrambler → rotary gripper washer → depyrogenation tunnel → cooling conveyor
  • Filler: Automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine (rotary piston / peristaltic / time-pressure)
  • Optional Lyophilizer: For pre-stoppered vials, the lyophilizer (freeze dryer) with auto-loading and final stoppering station
  • Capping: Aluminium cap sealing (if not done in the filler)
  • Inspection: Automated visual inspection for particles, cracks, fill volume, stopper presence, cap tightness
  • Labeling: Vial labeling machine with batch coding and serialization

Our fillers are designed for direct feed from our depyrogenation tunnels, with matched conveyor speed, pitch, and entry height. The exit feeds the capping machine conveyor with no operator handling between fill and cap.

Why Choose Us as Your Supplier in India?

There are many automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine suppliers in India — but few combine 30+ years of sterile pharma engineering, in-house SS 316L fabrication, full validation documentation, and global export experience. Here is what makes Pharma Machinery India the preferred automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine supplier in Ahmedabad, Gujarat:

  • 30+ years of experience in pharmaceutical sterile manufacturing equipment
  • 350+ vial processing machines installed across India and abroad
  • Exports to 25+ countries including USA, UK, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt, South Africa, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia
  • In-house SS 316L fabrication facility in Ahmedabad GIDC with CNC, TIG, and electro-polishing (Ra ≤ 0.4 µm)
  • GMP / cGMP / WHO-GMP / USFDA / EU-GMP Annex 1 (2022) compliant designs
  • SS 316L contact parts throughout with electro-polished surfaces
  • PLC + HMI automation (Siemens, Delta, Allen-Bradley) with 21 CFR Part 11 option
  • Complete validation documentation — DQ, IQ, OQ, MTCs, FAT, SAT, surface roughness reports, cleaning validation guide
  • Direct integration with hot-air depyrogenation tunnel and aseptic filling line
  • Installation & commissioning pan-India and abroad with IQ/OQ execution support
  • 1-year comprehensive warranty with lifetime remote support via video call, TeamViewer, and WhatsApp Business
  • Spare parts kits shipped within 24–48 hours globally from regional warehouses

Frequently Asked Questions — Automatic Vial Filling and Rubber Stoppering Machine

Below are the most common questions we receive from buyers evaluating automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine suppliers and exporters in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and India. Have a different question? Send it to us here — we reply within 2 hours.

What is an automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine?

It is an integrated aseptic system that doses a precise volume of liquid into a sterile glass vial and seats a sterile rubber stopper on top — all under ISO 5 / Grade A unidirectional airflow. It replaces separate fill and stopper stations and is the workhorse of any parenteral, vaccine, or lyophilized injectable line.

What is the difference between rotary piston, peristaltic, and time-pressure vial fillers?

Rotary piston: best for high-viscosity liquids, suspensions, oils, and large volumes (5–100 ml) with ± 0.5% accuracy. Peristaltic: best for sterile biologics and vaccines where the product never touches machine internals (± 1% accuracy). Time-pressure: best for small-volume biologics and vaccines at the highest accuracy (± 0.25%).

How does integrated rubber stoppering work?

A vibratory or centrifugal bowl feeder orients sterile rubber stoppers. A gripper picks one stopper per cycle, places it on the vial mouth, and a servo-driven pre-press head seats it to a recipe-defined depth. Out-of-spec stoppers trigger a downstream reject.

What fill volume accuracy can a vial filling machine achieve?

Rotary piston: ± 0.5%. Peristaltic: ± 1%. Time-pressure: ± 0.25%. All are validated per USP <905> uniformity of dosage units. Accuracy is verified during OQ with gravimetric testing.

What is the difference between pre-stoppering and full stoppering?

Pre-stoppering seats the stopper partway so the vial can enter a lyophilizer without the stopper popping off under vacuum. After lyophilization, the vial goes to a final stoppering station. A vial filling machine typically pre-stops when feeding a lyophilizer and fully stops when filling non-lyophilized liquids.

What air cleanliness is required at the filling point?

ISO 5 / Grade A unidirectional airflow per EU GMP Annex 1 (2022) and USFDA aseptic-processing guidance. The machine is enclosed in an oRABS or cRABS with integrated laminar flow delivering 0.36–0.54 m/s airflow at the critical point.

How is the vial filling machine validated?

Validation follows a 3-stage approach: IQ/OQ on the installed machine, media fill (process simulation) with growth medium per Annex 1 (contaminated vials < 0.1%), and performance qualification with three production-scale batches.

What utilities does a vial filling machine require?

415V AC 3-phase power, 8–15 kW connected load; 5–7 bar oil-free compressed air; clean steam for SIP; WFI for CIP; HEPA-filtered air for laminar flow; vacuum for stopper placement; and a stable, vibration-isolated floor for the rotary indexing system.

What is the difference between vial filling and ampoule filling?

Ampoules are sealed by flame after filling — no stopper. Vials use a rubber stopper. The two machines are not interchangeable.

What throughput can I expect from a vial filling machine?

Standard configurations cover 60–400 vials/min. Rotary piston: 60–300 VPM. Peristaltic: 40–200 VPM. Time-pressure: 100–400 VPM for small-volume fills.

Do you export vial filling machines outside India?

Yes. As an automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machine exporter based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, we ship to 25+ countries including USA, UK, Germany, Brazil, Mexico, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Afghanistan, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Vietnam, Philippines, and Indonesia.

What after-sales support do you offer?

We provide 1-year comprehensive warranty, lifetime remote support via video call / TeamViewer / WhatsApp Business, on-site service across India and abroad, AMC options with preventive maintenance and recalibration, and spare parts kits shipped within 24-48 hours globally from regional warehouses. Standard delivery: 12-16 weeks for standard machines, 16-22 weeks for custom configurations. Installation and validation typically add 4-6 weeks on site.

Get an Automatic Vial Filling Machine Quote in 24 Hours

Tell us your vial size, fill volume, output requirement, and downstream configuration. Our Ahmedabad engineering team will send a detailed quotation with specs, lead time, validation plan, and best price within 24 working hours.

Automatic Vial Filling and Rubber Stoppering Machine — Service Areas

Primary service area: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. We also supply and export automatic vial filling and rubber stoppering machines to:

India: Ahmedabad • Surat • Vadodara • Rajkot • Bhavnagar • Jamnagar • Gandhinagar • Mehsana • Bharuch • Ankleshwar • Vapi • Mumbai • Pune • Nashik • Aurangabad • Nagpur • Indore • Bhopal • Hyderabad • Bengaluru • Chennai • Visakhapatnam • Vijayawada • Coimbatore • Kochi • Goa • Delhi • Noida • Gurgaon • Faridabad • Lucknow • Kanpur • Chandigarh • Ludhiana • Ambala • Jaipur • Jodhpur • Udaipur • Kolkata • Guwahati • Patna • Ranchi • Bhubaneswar.

International (Exports): USA • UK • Germany • Brazil • Mexico • UAE (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah) • Saudi Arabia (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam) • Bangladesh • Sri Lanka • Nepal • Afghanistan • Egypt • Kenya • Nigeria • Ethiopia • South Africa • Tanzania • Uganda • Ghana • Vietnam • Philippines • Indonesia • Myanmar • Malaysia • Thailand.